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Users should verify local laws and regulations before purchasing or using it

The anecdotal reports and animal studies make these peptides seem like a miracle cure, but there are no large-scale human clinical trials or reputable data to support that claim

Concurrent use of medications that affect b12 absorption Several common medications interfere with b12 absorption through various mechanisms

Epidemiology Incidence common injury, especially in athletes Anatomic location PIP joint DIP joint Etiology Mechanism of injury Generally due to direct blow Fracture dislocations due to Associated conditions Anatomy Distal Interphalangeal Joint osteology Proximal Interphalangeal Joint osteology Presentation Physical exam inspection motion neurovascular Imaging Radiographs recommended views findings Diagnosis Clinical and radiographic diagnosis confirmed by history, physical exam, and radiographs PIP Dislocations Introduction dorsal dislocations are more common than volar dislocations dorsal dislocations can lead to a swan neck deformity volar dislocations can lead to a boutonniere deformity Epidemiology incidence Classification Treatment nonoperative operative Complications PIP flexion contracture (pseudoboutonniere) swan neck deformity extensor lag PIP Fracture-Dislocations Introduction PIPJ fracture-dislocations can be volar or dorsal volar lip fractures are the most common fracture pattern seen with dorsal dislocations highly comminuted fracture may occur, known as "pilon" Pathophysiology mechanism of injury Classification Treatment nonoperative operative Technique reduction of the middle phalanx on the condyles of the proximal phalanx is the primary goal DIP Dislocations & Fracture-Dislocations Introduction DIPJ dislocations are usually dorsal or lateral often associated with open wounds due to tight soft tissue envelope Classification DIPJ dislocations DIPJ fracture-dislocations Treatment nonoperative operative Complications DIPJ stiffness mallet finger deformity